Ka whakanui ake i ngā tikanga whakaputa te whakarōpūtanga o ngā puna hinu me te hau

Ko te hangarau whakaputa puna hinu me te hau he mahi hangarau hei whakapai ake i te kaha whakaputa o ngā puna hinu (tae atu ki ngā puna hau) me te kaha mimiti wai o ngā puna weronga wai. Ko ngā tikanga e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te pakaru waipēhi me te maimoatanga waikawa, me ngā pahūtanga o raro i te poka, te maimoatanga whakarewa, me ētahi atu.

1) Te tukanga pakaru waipēhi

Ko te pakaru waipēhi he werohanga i te wai pakaru matotoru ki roto i te puna i te nui o te rahinga e nui ake ana i te kaha mimiti o te hanganga, ā, ka piki ake te pēhanga o raro o te poka, ka pakaru hoki te hanganga. Mā te werohanga tonu o te wai pakaru, ka hohonu ake ngā pakaru ki roto i te hanganga. Me whakauru he nui o te proppant (ko te onepu te nuinga) ki roto i te wai pakaru kia kore ai e kati te pakaru i muri i te whakamutua o te papu. Ka whakarerekē ngā pakaru kua whakakiia ki te proppant i te aratau mimiti o te hinu me te hau i roto i te hanganga, ka whakanui ake i te horahanga mimiti, ka whakaiti i te ātete rere, ā, ka rua te whakaputanga o te puna hinu. Ko te "Shale gas", he mea rongonui i roto i te umanga hinu o te ao i ēnei rā, e whai hua ana i te whanaketanga tere o te hangarau pakaru waipēhi!

2) Maimoatanga waikawa o te puna hinu

E rua ngā wāhanga o te maimoatanga waikawa o te puna hinu: te maimoatanga waikawa hauwai mō ngā hanganga toka warowaihā me te maimoatanga waikawa oneone mō ngā hanganga onepū. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te waikawa.

►Te maimoatanga waikawa hauwaiora o ngā hanganga toka waro: Ka tauhohe ngā toka waroora pēnei i te kōhatu kōhatu me te dolomite ki te waikawa hauwaiora hei whakaputa i te konupūmā hauwaiora, te konupūmā hauwaiora rānei, he ngāwari te wairewa ki te wai, ka whakanui ake i te urunga o te hanganga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kaha whakaputa o ngā puna hinu. I raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana o te hanganga, ka tere te tauhohe o te waikawa hauwaiora ki ngā toka, ā, ko te nuinga ka pau i te taha o raro o te puna, ā, kāore e taea te uru hohonu ki roto i te paparanga hinu, ka pā ki te pānga waikawa.

►Te maimoatanga waikawa oneone mō te hanganga o te kirikiri: Ko ngā wāhanga kohuke matua o te kirikiri ko te quartz me te feldspar. Ko ngā sima he silicates (pērā i te uku) me ngā carbonates, ā, ka wairewa ēnei i roto i te waikawa hydrofluoric. Heoi, i muri i te tauhohenga i waenga i te waikawa hydrofluoric me ngā carbonates, ka puta te maturuturunga o te konupūmā fluoride, kāore e pai mō te hanga puna hinu me te hau. I te nuinga o te wā, ka rongoatia te kirikiri ki te 8-12% waikawa hydrochloric me te 2-4% waikawa hydrofluoric i konatunatua ki te waikawa oneone hei karo i te maturuturunga o te konupūmā fluoride. Kaua te kukū o te waikawa hydrofluoric i roto i te waikawa oneone e tino tiketike kia kore ai e kino te hanganga o te kirikiri me te puta he aituā hanga onepu. Hei ārai i ngā tauhohenga kino i waenga i te konupūmā me ngā katote konupora i roto i te hanganga me te waikawa hydrofluoric me ētahi atu take, me rongoatia te hanganga ki te waikawa hydrochloric i mua i te werohanga o te waikawa oneone. Me nui ake te awhe maimoatanga i mua i te awhe maimoatanga waikawa oneone. Kua whakawhanakehia he hangarau waikawa oneone authigenic i ngā tau tata nei. Ka whakamahia te methyl formate me te ammonium fluoride hei tauhohe i roto i te hanganga hei whakaputa i te waikawa hydrofluoric, e mahi ana i roto i te paparanga hinu pāmahana teitei i roto i ngā poka hohonu hei whakapai ake i te pānga maimoatanga waikawa oneone. Mā reira ka whakapai ake i te kaha whakaputa o ngā poka hinu.