He aha te pikinga o te utu o te tungsten ka puta ai ngā wero mō te umanga keri?

TKua piki ake ngā utu o te ungsten mā te neke atu i te 200%mai i te mutunga o te tau 2025, kua eke ki te taumata teitei tata ki te rua tekau tau nā te nui o te raru o te tuku me te pikinga o te tono.

He mea nui te tungsten (te nuinga o te tungsten carbide) mō ngā mata wiri,ngā taputapu mira,ngā wāhanga/taputapu ātete-kakahu, me ngā rauemi taumaha i roto i te keri. He maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te pikinga nui o te utu:

I. Te Pikinga Koiora o ngā Utu Tika me te Hinga Nui o te Tapeke Hua

1. Te Pikinga Nui o ngā Utu Hanga Mata Wiri

• Ko te tungsten carbide te rauemi matua mō ngā mata wiri tricone (TCI), ngā mata wiri PDC me ngā paparanga whakarewa kiato taimana polycrystalline, e whai wāhi ana ki15-25%o te utu katoa o ngā rauemi mata mō ngā mata keri.
• Kua piki ake ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata matua pēnei i te tungsten me te cobalt mā15-20%ki te whakataurite ki te tau 2022, e arahi ana ki te8-10%te pikinga o te utu hanga o ngā mata wiri tricone.
• He nui te paura tungsten carbide e pau ana i ngā mata wiri PDC momo-matihiko, ā, ko te pikinga o te utu ka piki ake te utu o te hanga matihiko.

1. Te Pikinga o ngā Utu Mahi Keri Katoa

• Ko ngā mata wiri tētahi o ngā wāhanga e tino whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga keri, ā, ka pā tika te pikinga utu ki ngā utu ratonga keri.
• I roto i te keri hanganga pakeke-teitei, ko te roanga mahi o ngā mata keri tungsten carbide neke atu i te 50 ngā wā i roa ake ai i ērā o ngā mata maitai noa, ā, kāore e taea te whakakapi ngāwari, nō reira, kāore e taea te karo i te pēhanga utu.
• Haunga ngā mata wiri, kua piki ake anō hoki ngā utu o ngā wāhanga tungsten carbide pērā i ngā nohoanga takirere paipa wiri, ngā pūwero onepu me ngā arai paipa ātete-kakahu, ā, kua piki ake anō ngā utu whakahaere.

1. Te Whakanuia Takirua o ngā Hua Pakihi

• He nui ake te tere tipu o ngā utu o ngā rauemi mata i ngā utu o muri mai i ngā utu o muri mai, ā, ka hua ake he whakaroa i te whakawhiti utu.
• Nā te kaha o te whakataetae mākete, inā koa i waenga i ngā umanga keri iti me te rahi, ka whakawhāitihia te wāhi mō ngā pikinga utu, ā, ka heke iho ngā tawhē hua katoa o ētahi umanga ki raro iho.10%.
• I pānuitia e ngā kamupene nunui o te ao pērā i a Sandvik te pikinga o te utu hua mā te 22%, engari kāore anō kia ea katoa te tipu o ngā utu, ā, ka waiho ngā pakihi iti me te rahi-rahi ki tētahi tūranga uaua ake.

II. Ngā Wero ki te Haumarutanga me te Pūmautanga o te Mekameka Tuku

1. Ka whakanuia ake te korenga o te tuku nā te whakapakari i te mana whakahaere rauemi rautaki

• Kua whakaurua te tungsten ki roto i te "rārangi o ngā konganuku rautaki nui" e te EU, te Hononga o Amerika, Hapani me ētahi atu rohe, ā, kua kaha ake ngā mana kaweake me ngā arotake mekameka tuku.
• I te mea ko Haina te kaihanga rauemi tungsten nui rawa atu o te ao (neke atu i te 80% o ngā rahui o te ao), i whakatinanahia e Haina ngā mana whakahaere kaweake i te Hui-tanguru 2025, me te tono "kotahi raihana mō ia ota" mō te 25 konganuku onge tae atu ki te ammonium paratungstate.
• Nā te tere o te tipu o te tono mai i ngā rāngai hangahanga teitei me ngā rāngai pūngao hou (pērā i ngā waea tungsten photovoltaic me te hanumi karihi) kua kaha ake te whakataetae me te umanga keri mō ngā rauemi iti.

1. Te Taurite o te Tuku me te Tono Te Hurihuri o te Utu o ngā Wahie

• E matapaetia ana ka neke atu te tono o te ao mō te tungsten i te 130,000 tana i te tau 2025, he pikinga ake tēnei mō te 6% i ia tau, engari he iti tonu te tipu o te tuku.
• Kua heke te kounga o ngā rauemi kōhatu tungsten o te kāinga, me te hekenga o te kounga toharite o te kōhatu mata mai i te 0.42% i te tau 2024 ki te 0.28%, ka piki ake ngā utu keri.
• Nā ngā kaupapa here tino pakari mō te tiaki taiao i whakawhāiti te keri kohuke tungsten, ā, kua tino pēhia te taha tuku.

1. Te Tūponotanga o te Whakararuraru i te Tukunga mō ngā Pakihi Iti me te Rahi Waenga

• Tata ki te 30% o ngā umanga taputapu iti me te rahi o Ūropi kua akiakihia kia whakamutua te whakaae i ngā ota nā te korenga o ngā taonga, nā te nui rānei o ngā utu.
• Tērā pea ka pāngia ngā umanga keri e ngā whakaroa tukunga o ngā wāhanga matua pēnei i ngā mata keri, ka pā ki te ahunga whakamua o te kaupapa me te mahinga o te kirimana.

III. Te Pēhanga e Piki Ana ki te Kōwhiringa Hangarau me te Auahatanga

1. Ngā Wero i roto i te R&D Whakakapinga Rauemi

• He nui ngā painga o te karāhe tungsten ki roto i ngā taiao pēhanga teitei, pānga nui me te kakahu onepu, ā, he uaua ki te kimi i tētahi whakakapinga katoa i roto i te wā poto.
• Ko te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi rerekē, i ngā hangarau paninga rānei e whai hua ana te utu, me nui te haumitanga ki te R&D me te wā hei manatoko.
• He pai ake te mahi a te kāpira tungsten porowhita i te kāpira tungsten koki, engari e 3-4 ngā wā ka nui ake te utu, ka waiho te kōwhiringa hangarau ki roto i te raruraru i waenga i te "utu me te mahi".

1. Te Pēhanga ki te Arotau i ngā Tukanga me te Whakapai Ake i te Whai Huatanga

• Kua akiakihia ngā umanga ki te whakanui ake i ngā mahi whakapai ake i ngā tukanga, pērā i te hanga anō i te hanganga matua maitai o ngā mata keri PDC hei whakaiti i te kai paura tungsten carbide (ka taea e te tukanga hou te whakaiti i ngā utu mā te 54%).
• I te whakapai ake i ngā reiti whakamahinga rauemi mata, kua whakapiki ake ngā umanga matua i tā rātou reiti whakamahinga mai i te 85% ki te 92%.
• Kua noho te hangarua me te whakamahi anō i ngā mata keri para hei huarahi nui, ā, me whakapiki ake te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi hangarua ki te neke atu i te 25% hei whakaiti i te pēhanga utu.

1. Ngā Mōrearea o te Whakatikatika i ngā Ara Hangarau

• Tērā pea ka huri ētahi umanga ki ētahi atu momo mahi iti te utu pērā i ngā mata wiri niho-rino, engari nā te iti o te whai huatanga me te poto o te ora mahi i roto i ngā hanganga mārō ka piki ake te utu katoa.
• He nui te whakawhirinakitanga o ngā kaupapa keri teitei (pērā i ngā poka keri moana hohonu me ngā poka keri pāmahana teitei) ki te mahi a te tungsten carbide, ā, he iti noa te wāhi e toe ana mō ngā whakarerekētanga hangarau, ā, ka nui ake te pēhanga utu.

IV. Te Whakataetae Mākete me te Hanga Anō o te Whenua Ahumahi

1. Te Kukū Ahumahi Nui Ake

• He pai ake te āheinga o ngā umanga nunui ki te tū atu i te pānga o te pikinga o ngā utu nā runga i ō rātou āheinga ōhanga tauine, ngā painga hangarau me ngā āheinga whakahaere mekameka tuku.
• Tērā pea ka whakakorehia, ka hokona rānei ngā pakihi iti me ngā pakihi rahi-waenga nā te ngoikore o ngā kaha whakahaere utu me te iti o ngā hongere pūtea.
• Kei te arotahi te mekameka tuku tungsten carbide o te ao ki ngā umanga matua, ā, ka nui ake te rerekētanga o te ahumahi.

1. Te Whakataetae Mākete o te Ao kua Kaha Ake

• Kua hurihia e ngā mana whakahaere kaweake a Haina te tauira tuku tungsten carbide o te ao, ā, kua tūpono ngā umanga Pākehā me Amerika ki ngā pēhanga rua o te korenga o ngā tuku me te pikinga o ngā utu.
• Tērā pea ka nui ake te wāhi mākete a ngā umanga i ngā whenua e tipu ake ana nā runga i ngā painga utu, ka huri i te whenua whakataetae o te mākete taputapu keri o te ao.
• Kua uaua haere ngā kaupapa here tāke me ngā arai tauhokohoko, ā, kua piki ake ngā utu me ngā āwangawanga o ngā pakihi o te ao.

1. Ngā Huringa o te Hiahia a te Kaihoko

• Ka whakaitihia pea e ngā kamupene hinu ngā tahua tūhura me te whakawhanake, ka whakaroa, ka whakakore rānei i ngā kaupapa hou, me te whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā ratonga keri.
• He nui ake te hiahia o ngā kaihoko ki te whiriwhiri i ngā otinga keri utu-whai hua, ā, he nui ake ngā whakaritenga mō te roa o te mahi me te whai huatanga o ngā mata keri.
• Kua noho ko ngā rarangi whakatikatika utu i roto i ngā kirimana wā roa hei kaupapa matua o ngā whiriwhiringa, ā, kua piki ake ngā utu me ngā mōrearea o ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero pakihi.